Complexity of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Multifaceted nature of Management - Essay Example This won't give adequate detail inferring that specific errands require being separated and disentangled. For this situation, most likely have a different day for every class of the dishes and sweets in the smorgasbord. This speaks to the multifaceted nature of the board as there are a progression of ordinary, constant occasions happening as complicated versatile specialists cooperate (Lassick 2002, pp.15-16). In this model, many-sided versatile specialists are brought out by the way that we as a whole have various inclinations for different dishes and pastries simultaneously these dishes and sweets will undoubtedly be influenced by temperatures where desserts will soften for example. As much as a smorgasbord is an anticipated occasion, individuals taking an interest will have distinctive vitality and fulfillment levels attributable to the necessity of filling an input structure a short time later while as yet eating everything being advertised. Investigating unpredictability issues is fundamental for the executives as there has been an acknowledgment that authoritative structures, which to a great extent offer ascent to complex circumstances, can't be explained by customary top-down methodologies. Versatile operators, as referenced above, need help alongside social commitment in order to determine the intricate issues they raise. In the model spreading out all the suppers in the smorgasbord longer than a day would be successful yet one is confronted with the trouble of constrained time for errands. Social commitment gets for thoughts being brought out by connections between gatherings of individuals. This produces arrangements that transform unpredictability into methods for endurance and profitability in the work place (Allen et al 2011, p.385). As of late, associations, for example, Haier Group have grasped dynamic methods of working where representatives are sorted into groups and work self-governingly that is, they select group pioneers from among themselv es just as taking a shot at assignments that they are gifted at. This has reproduced advancement and profitability, which has thusly permitted the organization to keep up a prevalent situation inside the business. Haier Group is a Chinese organization that makes home apparatuses, for example, fridges and clothes washers (Larson, 2013). Early Approaches to Dealing with Complexity Earlier on, key administration approaches managed multifaceted nature through decrease as taking a gander at connections from an all encompassing point of view is troublesome and now and again practically incomprehensible. This decrease demonstrated ineffectual as significant connections were devastated prompting incorrectly understandings and misconceptions. Present day times have rather taken a gander at multifaceted nature as a characteristic event with the expectation of working out the general structures alongside communications. This thus has resuscitated the all encompassing perspective as it applies an unrivaled investigate connections just as the situational condition. Exploration has shown that there is no single methodology towards managing intricacy, where both all encompassing perspective and decrease apparatuses are being consolidated to deal with complex issues. Directly, the achievement of a dominant part of organizations has been credited to delicate characteristics, which incorporate understanding alongside know-how of supervisors. These traits are perplexing and as such require assortment through data frameworks. In this manner, following specific plans of data frameworks, associations can have the option to structure viable framework maps of connections. In this way, the board is better

Jekyll And Hyde The Musical Essay Example for Free

Jekyll And Hyde The Musical Essay The play was preformed in Bristol Hippodrome on the eleventh May. The melodic was about a specialist, Jekyll, who needs to see the opposite side of a people soul. He accepted that in each individual there is a darker side, something contrary to a people soul. He accepts he has method of seeing this other individual. He has an examination that will empower him to do as such however individuals wont hear him out and thump back his thoughts. After his thought being dismissed he chooses what to do. He takes the mixture, and from it rises as his other twofold side, Hyde. Hyde is something contrary to Jekyll, and is a merciless killer. Jekyll and Hyde both think about one another and as Hyde gets some answers concerning Lucy he intends to take care of business. Jekyll cannot control Hyde as Hyde structures a solid piece of him. All through Hyde, slaughters individuals, one of which incorporates Lucy, a whore whom Jekyll had framed a kinship with. At the consummation as Jekyll is going to wed Lisa, he causes himself to get shot to end Hyde regularly returning. The primary character in the play played the two pieces of Jekyll and Hyde. While he was playing Jekyll, his appearance was shrewd and clean, though when he transformed into Hyde his appearance was harsh and evil looking. Jekylls character was caring and he was a delicate man. Hyde was his opposite side, being Vulgar and vicious. Lisa was Jekylls fianc㠯⠿â ½e and was one of the main individuals whom tuned in to Jekyll. Toward the beginning they seemed to have a cozy relationship however as Jekyll transformed into Hyde they turned out to be increasingly removed, likewise this happened when Jekyll met Lucy. Lucy was a whore who despite the fact that appeared to be certain there was times when she gave her weakness and yearning to leave from her life. At the point when she met Jekyll, he was unique and treated her with deference dissimilar to the various men. She begins to look all starry eyed at him, however as Hyde gets some answers concerning her he at that point slaughters her. Different characters in the play treat Jekyll as though he is only a specialist who has frantic thoughts however not worth an opportunity to listen as well. Hyde then causes individuals to hear him out, directly before he executes them. Jekylls relationship to different characters is removed separated from his fianc㠯⠿â ½e Lisa. Additionally when he meets Lucy, he is caring to her and they structure an association. Hyde doesnt care about anyone. Be that as it may, when he gets some answers concerning Lucy, he makes himself engaged with her. Toward the end Hyde visits Lucy and executes her. All through the play Jekyll continually changes into Hyde, and as the play advanced the change was abrupt and toward the end the change between them was each second or two as they addressed each other before changing. He changes all through the play on account of the elixirs impact and he changes without his assent, as Hyde begins to overwhelm him. There were differentiates between pace between and inside scenes. These happened when Hyde would rise up out of Jekyll or the suddenness of the following scene change. The impact this made was to make the scene increasingly bursting at the seams with what the characters were feeling and what the circumstance was about. A few changes of paced were explicitly connected to characters, for example, Hydes would be noisy and exuberant though Jekylls would be progressively quiet and calm. The adjustments in pace added to the pressure. The set was comprised of one story, which was changed into a bar, a road scene and for the most part Jekylls research facility. At that point there were two stairwells prompting another floor, similar to a gallery. Both of the floors were utilized for various pieces of the play. When Hyde executed a man on the highest floor he would drop down onto the following one. There was various exists. The set was for the most part dull hues however between the scenes the state of mind of the set could change. The hues were made lighter for the scene in the bar however darker for Jekyll changing into Hyde. The lightning added with the impact of the various climates of the scenes. The impacts utilized when Jekyll and Hyde were changing straight after each other were the lightning would twirl and for Jekyll a quiet, decent blue shading while Hyde had a crimson shading. It demonstrated the complexity between the two characters. When Hyde first came and was in Jekylls room, the lightning utilized was Hyde hitting a table and the flame on it light up and the lightning was progressively sensational and the music was surged. When something emotional happened the lighting would add to this by brilliant hues and its speed. The lights had designs on them, which appeared, just as the hues, what the activity state of mind was. At the point when it was more settled, for example, Jekyll it would be gentler. The music utilized were fit to the piece of the play it went with, for example, when Hyde was on a slaughtering binge the music was quick and emotional. The inverse to when Jekyll was with Lisa or Lucy. Clearly as this play was a melodic the words verbally expressed would be a tune about how that character was feeling or what was occurring in that occasion of the play. The sound and music delivered an environment as it communicated obviously people groups feelings with respect to what was occurring. Probably the best second was when Lucy and Lisa sang together. The two of them had affections for Jekyll and joined them into one melody with one another. The ensembles of the characters were fit to them. Jekyll was savvy and composed looking though Hyde was scruffy and compromising. Lucys was fit to her however when she met Jekyll she changed a piece as she had affections for him. When Hyde continued changing all the more every now and again it influenced Jekylls appearance, as Jekyll appeared to be increasingly stressed his appearance would be apprehensive. The general achievement of the play was acceptable. There were a few scenes which were superior to other people, Lucy and Lisa singing together, which lifted the play and improved it. There were portions of the play, Hyde first rising up out of Jekyll, which additionally added to the sentiment of the play. The principle characters of the play remained in character and played their parts well.

What You Need to Know When You Buy Houses in Long Island

What You Need to Know When You Buy Houses in Long Island Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!What You Need to Know When You Buy Houses in Long IslandUpdated On 20/01/2020Author : HBB Guest AuthorTopic : OffbeatShort URL : https://hbb.me/2NCPaQ7 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogLong Island is a suburban location in New York that has a population of roughly seven million. In 2019, the total number of the listed residential houses in this area was about 14,000. The median price for a home was around $485,000 last year. This high price is due to the high demand and shortage supply for Long Island residential buildings.Nonetheless, this opportunity presents a profitable time in the real estate industry. As such, it is common to see advertisements saying, “we buy houses in Long Island.” It is estimated that the price of houses will increase even more in the coming years as the city progresses. At present, the price for Long Island properties is increasing every year. Buying a house in this city is a good investment for those who have extra cash with them.Acquiring a real estate property may be intimidating at first since it requires much paperwork. However, once you have done thorough research, you will quickly get the hang of the process. The game plan is to buy a house now and then sell it to a cash home buyer who often offers higher rates. To be successful in this business endeavor, here is some necessary information that you need to acquire your first housing investment:Settle your financesSince this is an investment, you have to be ready financially. Do not buy a house if you do not have sufficient money since you might face foreclosure. Make sure to get finances pre-approved by the bank or other financial agents so that your house processing will be a breeze.Calculate the taxesIn Long Island, buyers have to pay an annual property tax of around 0.8-1.65%. This percentage indicates that when you have a property that initially costs $4 50,000, you have to pay $10,000-12,000 annually. There is also a new law that limits federal deductions to $10,000, which makes buying regular residential homes more favorable than buying high-end properties.READ10 Modern Living Room Decor Trends to Upgrade Your Home Decor in 2020 ?Choose the best locationAside from the condition of the house, the best determinant for the price is the location. Queens County in Long Island offers a median of $615,000 for its properties. On the other hand, the median cost in Suffolk County in the past year was about $415,000. Even though it is relatively low now, you should take note that it has the highest percentage of increase from the previous year due to the recent development in the area.Get a lawyerUnlike in other states which allow agents to do the whole transaction, including preparing the contract and closing the deal, Long Island, and the rest of New York require attorneys to execute these processes within 30 days. Although it adds an extr a amount to the bill, you can be assured that your transactions are completely legal and hassle-free.The next time you see a sign that says, “we buy houses in Long Island,” know that this company is on the road to making a profitable investment. Do not get left behind in the bandwagon and start looking for a new property.After some time, sell it to cash home buyers that will buy your property at its closing cost with no commission and no realtor fees. This way, you will not have to worry about being contacted by personal buyers who might request for discounted rates. Such is an ingenious way to keep your money growing through buying and selling.    Alice is a passionate blogger, she writes on various topics like Business, health, technology, Fashion, and Lifestyle, etc. Gardening is her hobby and loves to travel a lot. She is also very much into learning new ideas that prove useful to one’s personal and Business life.

Why Outsourcing Hurts United States Economy Essay

‘Is your job next?’ headline blared, followed by the disturbing preview of the article inside: â€Å"A new round of globalization is sending upscale jobs offshore. They include chip design engineering, basic research— even financial analysis. Can America lose these jobs and still prosper (R. Hira, 2008, p-1)?† The reaction of this news was swift and divided. Definitely large corporations that will be outsourcing will make huge profits in the long run but â€Å"what about the American citizens?† Jennifer, an American citizen, working for a big recruiter company, was sitting in her cubicle sorting out the resumes and suddenly manager calls in for meeting. She with her other colleagues went to the meeting room with a surprise. After discussing for a†¦show more content†¦The phenomenon has created major suffering for many American and as this outsourcing continues to spread, Americans will demand action (R. Hira 2008, p-95). The book also adds that scholars Ralph Goory and William Baumol have shown that even when the basic model of the economics are used trade does not make both the trading partners better off. The trading in one country will have a negative impact while trading in other country will have a positive impact. The country with negative impact will definitely affect its economy. United States economy being the world’s largest economy; historically, it has maintained a stable GDP growth, a low unemployment rate, a high level of research and capital i nvestment funded by both national, and because of increasing saving rates, increasingly by foreign investors. But offshore outsourcing has increased the unemployment rate dramatically in the decade. And so the economy worsened day by day. The truth is that many US companies lose the business as a result of offshore outsourcing. This has most affected the commercial real estate market. As the companies outsourced their work they no longer required employees and also the commercial building. Many commercial real estate industries think that the outsourced white collar jobs diminish the demand for the office space and many sites are sitting there as it is. For instance, one industryShow MoreRelatedOutsourcing Of The United States1355 Words   |  6 PagesInvestopedia, outsourcing is â€Å"a practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally† (Investopedia, n.d). Companies use outsourci ng to reduce costs and improve productivity. In the 1970’s and 1980’s was when companies first began looking for alternatives to increase their profits and increase the production of their products (Narayanan, 2015). Products were becoming to expensive to make in the United States and otherRead MoreOutsourcing American Jobs Hurt U.s. Economy Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesOutsourcing American Jobs Hurt U.S. Economy The dawn of the outsourcing era. Many large U.S. corporations cultivates outsourcing faster than we can imagine. The trend that began in the late 1970 and picked up speed in the 1900s with the opening trade with China, India, and Eastern Europe (â€Å"Outsourcing: What’s the true Impact†). In its broadest sense, outsourcing is simply contracting out functions that had been done in-house—a longtime U.S. practice (â€Å"Globalization: Threat or Opportunity†). SubsequentlyRead MoreOutsourcing : Effect Of Outsourcing1631 Words   |  7 Pages OUTSOURCING : EFFECTS OF OUTSOURCING IN AMERICA DHANASHREE AROTE 83360 INDEX Serial No. Topic Page No. 1. Introduction 3 2. Benefits of Outsourcing 4. 3. Negative Effects 5 4. Managing Outsourcing 7 5. 6 Key Trends 8 6. Conclusion 8 7. References 9 INTRODUCTION In today’s global business competitive environment, business organizations must innovate and adapt new strategies to sustain revenue generation, value while remaining competitive. Organizations have embraced outsourcingRead MoreEffects of Outsourcing on Companies Employees and the Economy1634 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Outsourcing Timothy Nicotera University of New Hampshire Abstract This paper will look through the effects that outsourcing has on American business, the economy, and social issues now as well as into the future. Outsourcing is a growing trend among companies large and small as an attempt to gain a competitive advantage in both local and global markets. There are both positive and negative impacts of this way of doing business that need to be realized and accounted for in order forRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Essay1753 Words   |  8 PagesIn the past decade the topic of outsourcing has become a heavily debated subject on if it is ethically correct to outsourcing jobs to foreign countries. Outsourcing has become more and more an option for many companies and not just an economic fad. The decision to outsource is a difficult one for any company to make because there are many advantages and disadvantages to consider. The decision to outsource affects many people, communities, and industries so if a corporation decides t o outsource theyRead MoreEssay On Carbon Tax1128 Words   |  5 PagesQuebec. While British Columbia and Alberta have a carbon tax, Quebec uses a cap-and-trade system instead. The government believes it is important to avoid â€Å"economic damage caused by cross-country carbon price differentials.† (Maclean’s, 2016). That is why they are introducing a national tax on provinces and territories that don’t have a tax. British Columbia’s Liberal government party plans to freeze the carbon tax if re-elected. Furthermore, the plan is to have a $30 carbon tax rate for five years toRead MoreThe Economic Disparities Between The United States And Other Nations1033 Words   |  5 Pages The economic disparities between the United States and other nations are extensive. Outsourcing American jobs are still not enough for struggling nations, but why? The conditions in peripheral countries on things such as roads, vehicles used, and the homes broadcast are just a few of the images continuously televised on a nightly basis. With this in mind, what is it that makes our condition differ from the others? As a core nation, the United States appears to have the best of everything whileRead MoreAssignment1318 Words   |  6 Pagesexpansive country to the forefront of international trade. Currently the world’s fastest growing major economy, China is set to eclipse the United States as the world’s largest economy by 2016. Among various domestic and international plays, one of China’s most fascinating uses of its newfound economic might is a considerable interest—and investment—in the continent of Africa. As its economy grew throughout the 2000s, China began establishing oil and mining firms across Africa. In return forRead MoreBussiness Qa Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity? 2. Why do companies tend to thrive in global markets when their country of origin enjoys a comparative advantage in their industry? 3. Explain how to calculate the balance of trade. How does the growing United States trade deficit impact the economy? Why? 4. Explain the meaning of â€Å"strong† currency and â€Å"weak† currency. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? 5. Why is outsourcing such an attractive way for firmsRead MoreChanging Economic Structure Of The United States Economy2127 Words   |  9 PagesEconomic Structure Harmful to U.S. Economy By: Samuel Winegar Submitted to: Dr. S. Ray Barnes 05/05/2015 Thesis Unemployment has been on the rise in the United States in recent years. One of the large contributing factors of this is the change in the structure of the country’s economy. Many jobs, particularly manufacturing and industrial type jobs are being outsourced to other countries. An increase in unemployment due to a change in the economy is structural unemployment. This paper

Puritanism Vs Deism - 1489 Words

In the mid to late 17th century, New England settlers were attempting to break away from Britain and begin a new society. They wanted to reinvent their own culture, govern themselves, and begin what they hoped would one day become a prosperous nation. One thing they wanted to have the liberty of practicing was religion, and having the choice of which particular religions they wished to follow. Puritanism and Deism were two different religions that were practiced in 17th century New England, and the differences between them sometimes were grounds for confrontations and conflict. The Puritan standpoint depicted in the works of John Winthrop, Michael Wigglesworth, John Dane, and Mary Rowlandson, and the Deist views of Benjamin Franklin†¦show more content†¦This statement shows Franklin s view of our Creator, which is the belief that no evil existed in the world, so humans were not created with the notion that they are unworthy and undeserving of God s grace. Franklin goes on to say, And therefore every Creature must be equally esteem d by the Creator (Franklin, 27). According to Deists, their God was not a biased God, and every human was created equal, with no one having a better chance to make it to heaven than others. The Puritan and Deist views on afterlife are also an area where these two religions are not in sync with one another. Puritans believed in the concept of predestination, meaning that it was determined whether one was going to spend afterlife in heaven or hell at the time of their creation. In Day of Doom, Michael Wigglesworth, a minister in Massachusetts during the 17th century, explains how there will come a day when Christ returns to earth to judge who will be destined for heaven or doomed to hell. He writes that Christ explains to those who are being sent to hell deserve their eternal punishment, despite the fact that it was a foregone conclusion due to the fact that it had been predetermined. He also explains that in order to accept the offer of God s salvation, one must be able to comprehend the meaning of such an offer. This puts certain members of society at an obvious advantage over others. For example, a middle-aged white male who has had some degree of education would surel y

nvq level 3 - 1083 Words

afe ire S guard h rs dults Boar d gA in Glouce uth ste o S Easy read South Gloucestershire Safeguarding Adults Board Winterbourne View Hospital A Serious Case Review By Margaret Flynn The Winterbourne View Hospital Serious Case Review What happened? Winterbourne View was a hospital in South Gloucestershire for people with learning disabilities and autism whose behaviour sometimes made their families and professionals worry. It was meant to help by assessing and treating patients so that they could have ordinary lives in their own homes. 24 Winterbourne View Hospital was owned by a company called Castlebeck. The NHS paid Castlebeck a lot of money to look after people there. It had 24†¦show more content†¦? They should have asked more questions when patients and staff reported problems at Winterbourne View Hospital. Page 4 e Safeguar hir d rs dults Boar d gA in Glouce uth ste So The NHS organisations that put people in Winterbourne View Hospital, the council’s safeguarding staff, the police and the Care Quality Commission should have talked to each other about the problems at Winterbourne View Hospital. It might have helped them to spot there was a big problem sooner. What should be done now? The Safeguarding Adults Board asked Margaret Flynn to say what should be done to make sure that patients aren’t hurt like this again. She said that the best place to care for people with learning disabilities and autism is in their homes and communities where they are known. When people go into hospitals for assessment and treatment, there are risks: they may get hurt, they may be there for a long time and they may lose touch with people who matter to them. There should be better ways of checking hospitals for adults with learning disabilities and autism to make sure that patients are safe. Page 5 Staff should always listen to patients, even those who may be difficult to understand. The patients who tried to run away were very good communicators. Patients who have been hurt should always be given the option of talking to somebody who does not work at the hospital. When a patient isShow MoreRelatedNvq Level 31411 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstand That Individuals with Dementia May Communicate In Different Ways CT244.1 1.1 Explain how individuals with dementia may communicate through their behaviour: Individuals with dementia find it difficult to understand words and meanings and forget what is being said even while we are speaking. Communication is more difficult if they are tired or upset. You may find they repeat questions frequently as they cannot remember asking them. When talking to an individual who has anyRead MoreNvq Level 36184 Words   |  25 PagesFLORENCE SMYTH 09TH MARCH 2015 HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE LEVEL THREE. Unit 3 ENABLE RIGHTS AND CHOICES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA WHILST MINIMISING RISKS 1. UNDERSTAND KEY LEGISLATION AND AGREED WAYS OF WORKING THAT SUPPORT THE FULFILMENT OF RIGHTS AND CHOICES AND THE MINIMISING OF RISK OF HARM FOR AN INVIVIDUAL WITH DEMENTIA. 1.1 EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF KEY LEGISLATION THAT RELATES TO FULFILMENT OF RIGHTS AND CHOICES AND THE MINIMISING OF RISK OF HARM FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WITH DEMENTIARead MoreNvq Level 3 in Management2786 Words   |  12 PagesNVQ IN Management Level 3 UNIT B6 Provide Leadership in Your Area of Responsibility Leadership is about helping people, empowering people, setting clear goals and motivation, while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organisation. The Council operates as one organisation working towards a common aim: â€Å"This Council will provide services that are amongst the best in the UK and will lead to the achievement of the Vision for Swansea† Consequently the corporate plan focusesRead Morenvq level 3 3021444 Words   |  6 Pagesthis is the most valuable piece of information with the service users needs, wishes and preferences. Biv- Define what is meant by the term â€Å"active participation†. 1. Promoting there independence 2. Enjoy day to day life without any struggle 3. To help the service user with whatever they ask as you are the only help they may have. Bv- Give two examples of active participation, explaining how the individual using the service may benefit from being fully involved. Getting themRead MoreNvq Level 3 Essay7341 Words   |  30 Pagesconfidential unless a disclosure of abuse occurs which it will have to be reported to the appropriate person, i.e. line managers in order for a thorough investigation to take place. Communication between colleagues is important in order to ensure a high level of care is given and the needs of the individuals within your care are met. It is therefore essential that information is passed on and written clearly. All records must be up to date. Communicating with service users is also very important as it allowsRead MoreEssay on Nvq Level 31694 Words   |  7 Pagesrisk factors will include features that are physical or social, such as: * Uncomfortable levels of stimulation (eg too busy, boring) * Institutional-style setting (eg block treatment, rigid routines) * Poor service organisation (eg. inexperienced carers) * Inappropriate social environment (eg overly restrictive, limited choice) * Environmental pollutants (eg. temperature, noise levels) 3.2 Explain how slow and fast triggers contribute to challenging behaviour Triggers areRead MoreNvq Level 3 Essay779 Words   |  4 PagesInforming employers of personal difficulties If we follow these codes of practice, then my role as a health and social care worker will be greatly improved, and the way in which I support my service users will ensure that their rights and their support levels are met. 3.3 Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change If I was to witness discrimination whether it is sexual, racial or any other form of discrimination, I would challenge it immediately, I could do this by firstlyRead MoreNvq Level 3 Abuse1767 Words   |  8 Pagesof care.   This can be the product of both ineffective and/or punitive management styles, creating an environment within which abuse can take place, intentional or otherwise.  Ã‚   It could include situations where there are significant numbers of low level, or other, concerns affecting more than one adult and concerns that the systems, processes and / or management of these may be failing to safeguard a number of adults leaving them at risk of harm or significant harm. Being made to follow what individualsRead MoreEssay about Nvq Level 31581 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand how procedures and risk assessment can help minimise the risk of an outbreak of infection. Learners will also gain an understanding of how to use PPE correctly and gain an understanding of the impor tance of good personal hygiene. Credit Level 3 2 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1.1 Explain employees’ roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection 1.2 Explain employers’ responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control infection 2 UnderstandRead MoreNVQ level 3 unit 681117 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ 68.1 Understanding the principles of person centred assessment and care planning. 1.1 Explain the importance of a holistic approach and planning of care or support. One of the essential aspects of planning care services is to have a holistic approach to planning and provision. This means recognising that all parts of person life will have an impact on their care needs and that you need to look beyond what you see when you meet them for the first time. The idea of person centred

Advance Business Planning

Questions: 1. Describe the difference between the market analysis section and the marketing plan section of a business plan. Why is it important for the marketing plan to be developed with the customer plainly in mind? Describe the difference between cost-based pricing and value-based pricing. 2. Why is it important to include an operations plan in a business plan? What is an operations flow diagram, and why is it important? Answers: 1. The market analysis section of a business plan is a short introduction listing factors of a marketplace in brief. This includes potential customers, demographics or sales trends that influence the market, price range, competitors, and technology to be applied (Barringer, 2015). On the other hand, the marketing plan section of a business is the blueprint or a comprehensive document that outlines the marketing and advertising strategies for the upcoming year. It involves the activities that are required to accomplish the objectives within a particular time frame. A marketing plan must comprise sales strategies, promotion, advertising, and pricing. It involves a description of the marketing mix (Barringer, 2015). It is of utmost importance that the customers are kept in mind while developing a marketing plan as the customers are at the receiving end. The marketing plan must be such that the customers are satisfied. This would attract new clients, and the business would flourish. Cost-based pricing is the method to calculate the price of a product. Cost based pricing utilizes production and manufacturing costs to determine the price of a product. Cost-based pricing is of two types namely full cost pricing and direct cost pricing. Through a full calculation, the company determines the floor and ceiling price (Barringer, 2012). However, the company must price the product between the ceiling and the floor. Value based pricing, on the other hand, is opposed to the manufacturing cost of a product. The value of a service or product is considered in the case of value-based pricing. To calculate the value of a product, the company analyzes the value or money a product would generate in the hands of the consumer when it is marketed. While value-based pricing focuses on customers, cost-based pricing lays its emphasis on the situation of a company to determine its price. 2. An operation plan is a crucial tool for an efficient business plan. It is a written document describing the business, sales, and marketing strategy. An operation plan is used for individual as well as total operating units. It helps to understand the goals of the company and provides direction to the employees and managers both vertically and horizontally. Also, it provides the goals, vision, mission, and directions of an organization. An operation plan describes the structure of a company and also the processes that would be carried out in the future. It addresses operational issues and strengthens team building. Mostly, it is a kind of orienteering map (Ruggieri et al., 2014) Often considered a counterpart of a flowchart, an operation flow diagram shows the relationship between primary components of a system. As the term suggests, an operation flow chart gives a visual presentation of the steps required to form an efficient operation plan. It involves providing information such as functions, steps involved in a process, and events. It means laying down step by step procedures and processes and provides information to the audience (Ruggieri et al., 2014). Flow diagrams provide a clear understanding of a process and facilitate communication and teamwork. Flow charts are used to identify the weaknesses within an organization, highlight them, and work on improving those weaknesses. References Barringer, B. (2012).Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, (2012). Barringer, B. (2015). Preparing effective business plans (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Ruggieri, A., Silvestri, C., Piccarozzi, M. (2014). Consumerism, Market Analysis and Impact on Business Plan Definition.Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, 228.

Role of Cfo free essay sample

Past Role of CUFF The past role of Chief Financial Officer(CUFF) revolved around the following key core areas 0 Performing the role of the operating manager of finance function, controlling compliance and statutory reporting in publicly traded companies. 0 Counseling role or Advisory role and help in bringing about orderly and control centric growth in companies. 0 Performing the treasury duties which involve decision making on how to invest the companys money, taking into consideration risk and liquidity. Deciding the Capital Structure of the company. The CUFF should determine the best ix of debt, equity and internal financing in the company. Present Role of CUFF Currently the Indian economy is in a crisis situation with increasing Current Account Deficit (CAD) and huge fall in the rupee. The situation is getting worse with the possibility of US Attack on Syria. The GAP growth of India is at the sub 5% level and WHIP inflation has rose above 6%. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Cfo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The role of CUFF becomes even more important in the current situation with the rupee depreciating against the dollar and negatively impacting the balance sheet of most of the Indian companies except those firms which are export oriented and IT Firms. Scoffs in the present day organizations are largely restricted to the responsibilities of providing the top management with financial data gathered from both outside and within the organizations. The finance department acts as a medium through which business plans are prepared based on financial projections. In regard to India, a CUFF today is concerned with the following issues 0 A major chunk of the Indian Coffs believe that revenue growth/preservation, cost reduction and maintenance of talent pool are the major organizational challenges. Presently, Indian Scoffs have limited participation in the strategic role. 0 Most of Indian Scoffs are not involved in sustainability strategy and governance. Sustainability functions include internal controls, compliance with tax regulations, performance measurement and reporting of financial and non financial indicators. CUFF needs to ensure and monitor that business operations take place efficiently, loss making products or activities are terminated and cost saving measures are being executed adequately. 0 Scoffs consider scalability and valuation as biggest drivers of Mergers and Acquisitions activity in the industry. Though the Indian economy is down at the moment, Scoffs expect that companies with good fundamentals and good valuation will be prospective targets for acquisition. Most Indian Scoffs are currently not considering outsourcing their business process except for multinational companies which do so due to compulsion because of global contracts entered into by their parent companies. 0 Currently Scoffs dont depend on proactive data mining and data analysis tools for their risk management system. It is imperative that the Scoffs adopt these tools in order to reduce the occurrence of fraudulent activities. 0 Cost of credit is worrisome for Scoffs in the Financial Services Industry with the government tightening liquidity in the system and increasing MS in order to prevent the depreciation of the rupee. Future Role of CUFF The Global Financial Crisis in 2008 has put the spotlight on Indian Scoffs more than ever before. The Corporate Governance responsibility of CUFF has increased, the CUFF became more involved in operational and strategic decisions to the company, management and assumed the role of CEO designate. CEO also assumed the role of instilling sense of confidence among the stakeholders namely employees, customers, partners and suppliers. 0 Alongside the traditional mandate to provide financial insights and analysis, Scoffs must describe a greater involvement in supporting and developing strategy and guiding key business initiatives. CUFF of Oxide Industries , A. K. Musketeer , had to cut down on replacement for automotive batteries due to under capacity. In 2011 A. K. Musketeer expanded the capacity which not only helped Oxide to tide over demand but also achieve greater market share. Under his purview, Oxide tied up with Us-based East Penn Manufacturing Co. And Japans Shin-Kobo Electric Machinery Company to improve processes, designs, and quality control. Scoffs must be versatile individuals with the talent to meet a continually changing set of circumstances. The CUFF of L Y. M. Detestable was instrumental in setting up L finance Limited which is a wholly owned subsidiary of L. Y. M. Detestable hedged foreign currency loans well in time, which would otherwise have meant provisioning RSI. 00 core when there was depreciation in rupee. He was an advocate of not only churning out profits but also managing risk effectively and protecting the margins of the company. Scoffs must still attend closely to cash flows, controls, costs and risk. Also, they should continue to seek profitable growth irrespective of the state of the economy-whether it be boom, recession or depression. Mr. Oshkosh Chatterer,CUFF of Data Steel, is an advocate of raising capital ahead of requirement and managing crisis through management of liquidity. Coffs should leverage the advancements in genealogy for taking decisions. CUFF has to use decision support systems available in the field of finance for making key decisions. Let CUFF Rajah Tendon used technology to track availability of rooms at all its properties across the country. This helped Rajah Tendon in better management of the rooms and led to revenue minimization. Rajah Tendon also used technology to reorganize the logistics network such that redistribution between warehouses was minimized. CUFF should take ownership and actively manage the financial drivers of value. Example: For a technology many, value drivers are completing a product development project by creating new technology or establishing partnership with a technical university. If the product development project has a long term benefit but a short term financial cost then the CUFF should give priority to the drivers of value and act in the long term interest of the company rather than short term gain. 0 CUFF is responsible not only for the past and present financial situation but is also an integral part of a companys financial future. A CUFF must be able to identify and report what areas of a company are most efficient and how the company can capitalize on this information. For Example, the CUFF of a company like MicroVAX in India should be able to pinpoint which mobile models are making the most revenue and how this information can be used to improve the company in the future. 0 CUFF should be ethical in his behavior. It is the lack of ethics that has led to major failures like Astray and Enron in the past. Scoffs should drive Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) activities in the organization and be truly responsible to the society. The Companies Bill, 2012, mandated a 2 percent spend on CARS activities. This has to be viewed by Scoffs as an opportunity to give back to the society and gain the confidence of the public. This would also build goodwill and trust to the company among the public. Conclusion A great CUFF differs from a good CUFF by the way he is able to project the long term financial picture of the company and by the efficacy of his analysis. The CUFF is the right hand of the CEO, the co-pilot who navigates the company through the storm and manages the short term performance measures and enables long term value reaction. The traits which separate a successful CEO from an ordinary CEO are the following-professional focus both including internal focus on operations and external focus on strategy, previous expertise across multiple roles in the finance function, knowledge of various business areas and global experience. In addition to performing financial roles in an exemplary manner, CEO has to do well on the non financial roles also in an exemplary manner in order to be effective and should have good communication skills and knowledge across various business domains.

Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System

Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System As political disillusionment intensifies in America, Diamond and Plattner (2006) show that parties and candidates are becoming more cynical thus culminating into low voter turnout. Several proposals have been brought forth to revolutionize the American electoral system among them the campaign finance reform.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the attention given to the most recent reform (PR system) has made more people to consider replacing the current SMD (winner-takes-it-all) system with the PR system. United States is a democratic and a multi-party state. Therefore, an effective electoral system should cater for the interests of the parties present and the people without compromising on democracy. What impact is the change likely to have on (a) party-system and (b) democracy in U.S.? T hese are the most fundamental questions that people should seek to answer before replacing the SMD system. It is important that we understand the party-system and the democratic deficiencies present in SMD so that we can decide whether PR will be a practical option. The SMD system discriminates against third parties, does not represent all voters, discourages people from voting and enacts laws that do not correspond with the public views. These problems reveal a fundamental flaw in the electoral system; the only persons represented are those who elect the winning candidate. The rest, about 49% in every district never get any representation as the election system shuts out the minorities from participating in elections. What happens is that a Republican who is in a Democrats dominated district votes but his/her votes go to waste because the Republican candidate never wins. Due to lack of minorities’ representation in the electoral system, Shively (2011) asserts that there is h eightened lack of democracy in the electoral system. This explains why there is distorted representation in the state, local legislatures and Congress. The SMD system also shows evidence of unequal representation of political parties. Parties end up getting more or less, than what they deserve. For instance, the House of Representative Elections (1994) saw the Democrats in Washington get 22% of the seats despite winning with over 50% votes.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As put across by Diamond and Plattner (2006), PR systems make use of multi-member districts and uses larger districts to elect the members required as an alternative to voting a single member in every small district. In addition, the number of candidates who win seats in the multi-member districts is dependent on the votes each party gets. For instance, in a PR district consisting of 20 members, if the Democratic Party gets 50%, the Democratic candidates get ten seats. If the Republican Party gets 30%, the party’s candidates secure six seats and if there is a third party with 20%, four seats are reserved for its candidates. A PR system would make sure that all people and parties get a fair and just representation. This is because under PR, there is representation of all significant groups including the political minorities who might only garner 10 or 20 % of the votes. The PR system ensures that the legislature reflects the parties’ voting strengths. For instance, a party with 40% of the votes gets 40% of the seats. Presently, the party-system reflects the unfairness of SDM. The Republican Party and Democratic Party, which are the winning parties, dominate the electoral system thus limiting other parties from winning. The PR system will offer diversity and make sure that emerging third parties such as the Liberation party, the New Party and the Greens get realis tic chances to challenge the two major parties. Such parties will only need 10% of the votes to elect a candidate hence guaranteeing the viability of the minor parties. Shively (2011) notes that this would lead to a healthy multi-party state where there is fair and free representation and competition among political parties. This would also guarantee that there are varied choices during elections. Each person can find a party or candidate that he/she can enthusiastically support. As a result, the public would exercise its voting rights in a democratic manner and with the assurance that their votes are not wasted; there is a guarantee that a 10% vote would see a candidate who can represent their views/needs in parliament. For this reason, voter turnout would be high meaning that the multi-party system formed would be heterogeneous. Thus, varied political perspectives present in the electorate would guarantee that there is a wide-ranging political debate that would uphold democracy, l ead to new ideas and sound decision-making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Moving from SMD (Single Member District) System to PR (Proportional Representation) System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To maintain or uphold democracy, Shively (2011) emphasizes that the government should allow all people to participate equally in every decision that affects them. The PR system will enhance democracy by giving the party-system a complete overhaul whereby the dominance of the winning parties will be eradicated and equal representation of all political parties, including the minor ones guaranteed. The PR system will also ensure that the electoral system upholds democratic rights, including voting rights and political representation rights of all citizens. Simply stated, PR system will cater for the party-system and democratic deficiencies in the SMD system without compromising on the role of the electoral system. Diamond , Larry Jay., and Marc F. Plattner. Electoral Systems and Democracy. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press, 2006. Print. Shively, W. Phillips. Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science. 12th  Edition. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.

Current Event Review 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Event Review 2 - Article Example In my opinion, the fears of parents are valid to a good extent because a large number of children throughout the world are using social networks, and consequently, revealing a great deal of personal information on these websites as well. Most of these children are not conscious of the intricate online privacy settings which are designed in a way to gain as much personal information as possible. Besides, I believe the uneasiness of the parents associated with advertising is justifiable too, as advertisers on social networks often use personal information of the individuals to market products which are close to their liking. These tactics employed by the social networks breach the fundamental concepts of Business Ethics, in terms of use of information, security and advertising. However, the negative impact of such measures is also being felt by the businesses themselves as their reputation faces a serious challenge from not only parents but also groups like Common Sense Media, which ar e launching campaigns for legislation in this regard. The article explains an important issue which is of significance and concern for parents as well as business groups. Proper legislations and measures should be taken for the protection of privacy of people as well as for maintaining the policies of business ethics for maintaining the integrity and credibility of businesses. Ingram, M. (2010, October 10). â€Å"Parents Say Social Networks Dont Protect Childrens Privacy.† Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from:

Consumer Behaviour and Retail Marketing Strategy Essay

Consumer Behaviour and Retail Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Consumer behaviour refers to the overall attitude, preference, intention as well as the decision made by a consumer concerning the purchase of products or services in the market. The study of consumer behaviour aims at establishing the path that consumers follow in arriving at the decision to buy or not to buy a particular product from a range of similar products available in the market (Strack, Werth & Deutsch 2006). This knowledge is very important for any marketer in formulating the marketing strategy of his products and be able to predict what will happen in the future especially in a market environment chareacterised by stiff competition. This research will first demonstrate a clear understanding of consumer buying process and then propose a retail marketing strategy based on the theories of consumer behaviour. There are various factors that influence the decision making process of consumers ranging from internal, external, individual as well as environmental. However, these factors generally fall into three major classes; sociological, behavioural and economic factors (Strack, Werth & Deutsch 2006). It is very vital for any marketer to have a good knowledge of all these determinants to be able to predict the performance of his products in the market before introduction. Therefore, the best marketing strategy will come after a good understanding of the factors that influence consumers to buy, since the marketer will then know whether his products possess the characteristics that will influence consumers to buy his products or not. This refers to the influence of the members of the family, influence from group references and leaders opinions, influence from the social class as well as the culture of the people on the buying behaviour of consumers (Moutinho 1987). It is common knowledge that in every family there is the idea of specialisation and every family

An Analysis Of Environmental Toxicology Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of Environmental Toxicology Environmental Sciences Essay Environmental Toxicology is a rapidly developing field concerned with the research how natural and man-made pollutants impact the health of humans, wildlife, and whole ecosystems. It involves application of a variety of techniques to study the impact of toxic agents on living organisms and provides powerful tools for assessing the risks associated with the presence of these agents. It draws on a variety of scientific disciplines to describe, measure, explain and predict the severity and frequency of adverse effects on living organisms due to environmental toxicant exposure. Pollution, depletion of resources and disintegration of ecological functions are of global, regional and local concerns. Environmental toxicology presents many practical applications to these problems. The findings are used by government agencies to set new pollution control standards and to analyze the severity of damage in an ecosystem and develop the smartest ways to go about cleaning it up. Land development co mpanies may also work with environmental toxicologists to make sure that clearing and construction efforts are as environmentally-friendly as possible. It involves testing soil, water, and air samples to look for the source pollution, and use their findings to better understand health impacts on native species. Pakistan, as developing country, is facing challenges with a number of serious environmental issues such as degeneration of natural resources, industrial and vehicular pollution, pollution of coastal environment, deterioration of human health. Summarizing in financial terms, the annual cost of environmental derogation in the country is about 4.3 % of GDP (US $ 4.3 billion). This workshop is about the growing amount of pollution in Pakistan. Examines findings of different studies proving that health is being adversely affected by a variety of environmental contaminants. The above situation has arisen due to a number of factors including high population growth rate, prevailing poverty, unplanned urban and industrial expansion, insufficient emphasis on environmental protection in the government policies, lack of public awareness and education and lack of institutional capacity and resources for effective environmental management. To prevent continued environmental degradation and the decline of human environmental health, interactions between human, other living organisms and the environment have to be in harmony. This is achievable through an integrated, holistic approach encompassing education and research activities in natural sciences, socio-economic and political factors with technological, economic and socio-cultural interventions. Increasing awareness of environmental degradation is resulting in proliferation of environmental legislation throughout the world. This drive towards greater environmental protection has created a demand for scientists skilled in assessing environmental resources and more importantly the problems associated with their exp loitation. Environmental assessment may be required to evaluate the biological, physical or hydrological resources of any environment, and to place these resources within a wider geographical context. This workshop is an effort to provide a broad foundation of scientific based skills to evolve, equipping environmental professions, particularly in areas relating to environmental protection and management. Furthermore, the national and international requirements have been under concern for better environmental management understanding the inter-relationship between sustainable economic development and environmental protection. Opening remarks from Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, Chairman department of pharmacology and toxicology/the Director Research UVAS, were followed by that of Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nawaz, Vice chancellor UVAS, and Prof. Dr. Mrs. Kausar Jamal Cheema, Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, all of whom emphasized the importance to utilize the collective wisdom in provision of improved methods for toxicity assessment and rational means for estimating health risk in order to promote public health and to provide a better and safer environment to prevent health problems before they occur. They added further it is our mission to train new environmental toxicologists and address pertinent environmental toxicology questions through education and research in areas such as chemical fate, bioavailability, biological effect, toxicokinetics, and mechanisms of action. A focus on interdisciplinary approaches and scientific skills is fundamental to our education and research acti vities. Dr. Sohail Ejaz (co-author of this report), PhD, University of Cambridge, UK co-ordinator and workshop organizer presented on the innovative assessment techniques for evaluating impact of Air Pollution upon Neuroinflammatory diseases of Central nervous system and how these studies could be implemented in our laboratories. New dimensions have been added to the array of outcome measures. Medical outcomes research now recognizes that patient well-being should be broadly conceptualized and measured rigorously, in addition to considering the biological process of the disease itself. As a result, health-related quality of life, the perception of well-being, is now considered a necessary component of outcomes research. Toxicologic studies have also gained in sophistication through incorporation of more sensitive indicators of effect and the careful tracing of the relationship between exposure and biologically relevant doses to target sites, which may now be considered at a molecular level. He also gave an overview of all his research activities conducted at Department of Clinical Neuroscience and how to work upon such techniques in our country with scarced resources and what targets to be achieved further to overcome environmental pollution issues in Pakistan. Dr. Sohail Ejaz bring to a close to develop and support research programs, outreach and other services that address critical issues in environmental health and toxicology. An international speaker Prof. Dr. Gerry Amor Camer, Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine from University of Eastern Philippines, broad casted through video conferencing facility. He shared his remarkable research work on tissue toxicology and presented a talk on Understanding the pathology of tissues exposed to various toxins and pollutants. Assessment of the environmental effects of chemicals is complicated as it depends on the organisms tested and involves not only the toxicity of individual chemicals, but also their interactive effects, genotoxicity, mutagenecity and immunotoxicity testing. He further elaborated that a number of stressors affect the environment and sometimes when showing synergistic effects they become difficult to quantify or predict their individual effects. Thus, there is a need to understand the toxicant effects at molecular levels to predict their effects and existing techniques to be constantly modified to provide better means of their quantification. Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, Department of wildlife and ecology, UVAS, presented on Sources and Health effects of different Air pollutants. The mechanisms for modeling and understanding the fate of air pollutants through atmospheric transport, deposition into water and soil, bioaccumulation, and ultimate uptake to receptor organs and systems in the human body are complex. These require more experimental and theoretical developments in order to produce approaches for characterization and appropriate strategies and assays for screening in order to detect the harmful agents and prevent them from reaching sensitive endpoints. This seminar and workshop provided researchers from all over Pakistan a comprehensive platform where all facets of environmental pollution as it exists in our country to be fully explored and a forum to these professionals and researchers to discuss and present latest research trends and results in the field of Toxicology. Such initiatives help to support the study, analysis, and solution of environmental problems which are ultimately affecting the health of human beings, animals, plants, soils and over all eco-system integrity. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf highlighted different research activities rendered by the department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the recent years at his institution. He discussed the establishment of new laboratories at the department an effort to open doorways to many new dimensions thus promoting the advancement and application of scientific research related to the contaminants. This included the establishment of Angiogenesis Toxicology lab (ATRL) and a Ne uropharmacology lab in the faculty a progressive step for Applied Neuropharmacology Cancer research. He elaborated further that our research aims to determine how environmental pollutants interact with cellular functions and give rise to long-lasting adverse health effects in vertebrates including humans. We are particularly interested in toxic effects that target the hormone system, the reproductive system and the early brain development and other systems in vertebrates. Enzyme-catalysed activation in target cells and tissues and receptor-mediated responses are important areas of research. With an introduction of these laboratories, it is also an effort in attracting very high quality students across Pakistan and foreign qualified and relevant faculty members to take lead on viable research projects needed to address our country-specific problems. Speakers from various universities and Govt. departments presented their research projects and research papers. Mr. Khaleeq Anwar, PhD Scholar, presented his work on Impact of Automobile rickshaw on Public health. He presented evidence that Automobile rickshaws are among one of the major sources of air pollution in Pakistan, contaminants released from them include the major pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC) and Particulate Matter (PM) expressing their devastating effects in deteriorating public health. To have a control over contaminants realized by these two-or three stroke conventional rickshaws CNG rickshaws were introduced. Mr. Rizwan Ahmad, Assistant Director, Vehicular Pollution Control, Govt. of Punjab, further extended the talk by presenting on Advantages of CNG over other fuels. He presented his study on the nature of the toxicants effluent by burning natural gas as fuel and a comparative analysis was made between the nature of the con taminants released by both conventional automobile rickshaw and CNG rickshaw. Statistically significant data was evidenced that emphasized the use of CNG rickshaw to be preferred over the conventional two-or three stroke rickshaws. Lubna Shakir, PhD Scholar, discussed the public health problems aroused due to discharge of tannery effluent wastewater directly into the ground in the city of Kasur. The environment is under increasing pressure from solid and liquid wastes emanating from the leather industry. These are inevitable by-products of the leather manufacturing process and cause significant pollution unless treated in some way prior to discharge. The effect of excessive pollutant levels commonly found in tannery effluents can be severe. Water is so contaminated that potable water has high levels of chromium and other toxicants have been reported in appreciable amounts unfit to be used by public. She presented a comprehensive lecture entitled, Chemical, microbiological and toxicological screening of tannery effluent wastewater. In her work she quantified the various toxicants and studied their deleterious effects using laboratory animals by using various dilutions of this tannery waterwaste. She further elab orated her talk that assessment of the environmental effects of chemicals is complicated as it depends on the organisms tested and involves not only the toxicity of individual chemicals, but multiple factors are involved in relation to health behaviors, which may often result in adverse health outcomes. Zahida Umer, a young researcher, outlined the data showing the Measurement of pollution levels in different areas of Lahore by using carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide meters, and other available contaminant measurement meters and impacter for particulate matter in different areas of Lahore and provided a comparative analysis of these toxicants at different areas. She further lucubrated her talk by explaining different methodologies for air pollution measurement. Air pollution can be directly measured as it is emitted by a source in mass/volume of emission (e.g., grams/m3) or mass/process parameter (e.g., grams/Kg fuel consumed or grams/second). Air pollution can also be measured in the atmosphere as a concentration (e.g., micrograms/m3). Ambient air monitoring data is used to determine air quality, establish the extent of air pollution problems, assess whether established standards are being met, and characterize the potential human health risk in an area. Alternatively, air pollution concentrations can be simulated using computer models, and then validated using data collected from direct measurements at selected monitors or sources. Air pollution data and models are used together to examine the impacts of control strategies on the ambient air. Kanwal Zahra, Government College University, presented on Effects of industrial effluent on the thyroid glands of human population. The human body is immensely complex, and our knowledge and awareness of its complexity continues to grow. One of the most disquieting discoveries in recent years concerns the possible roles of environmental chemicals on endocrine systems. Among the hormones (chemical messengers) operating within the endocrine system are estrogen (a female sex hormone produced by the ovaries); thyroid hormone (influencing the function of virtually every cell in the body); and ACTH (produced by the pituitary gland to influence the release of adrenalin from the adrenal gland). Endocrine systems can be affected by these pollutants by interfering with the normal communication between the messenger and the cell receptors, the chemical message is misinterpreted, generating abnormal response(s) in the body. As thyroid glands releasing hormones influencing the total metabolic rat e of the body, in her study she evidenced the various pathological outcomes of thyroid intoxication by these industrial wastes and could be the possible damaging effects resulted. Prof. Dr. Sharif Mughal, Government College University, discussed the impact of various toxicants on marine environment. Petroleum hydrocarbons are found in sea surface film throughout the world. The oceans have served as a repository for a multitude of wastes and receive effluent from rivers, streams, and groundwater. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other hydrocarbons adds to the burden of pollutants in the marine environment. Industrial smokestacks, incinerators, outfall pipes, automobiles, lawn chemicals, agricultural chemicals, homes, businesses, commercial ships, and motorized pleasure craft are all sources of contaminants. Many of these chemicals are fat-soluble and come to reside in the fatty tissues of marine animals. Some of these chemicals have been characterized as endocrine disrupters; some are believed to reduce reproductive success, to interfere with developmental processes, and/or to suppress immune function. Other chemicals, such as PAHs, do not bioaccumulate in marine mammals but may have adverse impacts on the health of marine animals through repeated exposure and metabolic response. He evidenced the above scenario by presenting his study on the Serological and histological changes in the liver of Labeo Rohita dur due to fluoride intoxication. An effort to characterize the types of lesions produced by these chemical contaminants found in, the metabolic response to such contaminants, and the extent of tissue damage caused by exposure to these contaminants. He further elaborated his talk that animals are exposed to natural toxicants in their native environments as well as to synthetic chemicals and drugs. Factors that affect the toxicity include; those related to the toxicants , which influence how it  ­Ã‚ ­enter and ultimately influence the factors related to the host animals that change its ability to detoxify or adapt to the toxicant. The final Lecture of the workshop was presented on the topic, Characterization of Environmental pathologies by immunohistochemistry by Dr. Sohail Ejaz, PhD, University of Cambridge, England. He flesh out his talk that Environmental toxicity encompasses the study of the toxic properties of not only synthetic chemicals but natural also, including their effects on humans and animals as well as their movement and fate in the environment. It is a need to develop research techniques for the assessments of effects of these pollutants and monitoring their lethal effects not on human health only but affecting every living being and our eco-system. Thus putting our joint efforts to provide a better and safer environment to prevent health problems before they occur. Conclusion: This was a variegate workshop to support and promote the study, analysis, and solution of environmental problems which ultimately affecting the health of human beings, animals, plants, soils, damage buildings and other property and uplift of awareness level at National and International level through research and development. We can live a healthy life in a clean environment and it can only be achieved by realizing and understanding the importance of clean environment. Therefore to provide awareness about the effects of all possible environmental pollutants and the corresponding measures to be taken to decrease contaminants exposure. Also to encourage research techniques for the assessment of effects of these pollutants and monitoring their lethal effects on human health and conserving and protecting our environment. Disclosures and Supplementary Information: This workshop was organized at Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore in collaboration with the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK This meeting was funded by Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Power in the Workplace Essay example -- Management

The ability to possess power over individuals is an intense trait that all individuals behold. The outcomes of situations are based on the use of this power. Power can be viewed as an art and a skill if used properly to promote productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness within an organization. However, contrary to that, it can be used in a deviant manner to prohibit success. The following analysis will analyze the most productive use of power and the impact of power in a specified organization. The organization chosen for this illustration will be the Directorate of Resource Management, which fall under the Department of the Army. Is the ability to possess power an art or a skill? In answering this question, one must be able to accurately define the definition of power is. While there are multiple definitions of power, The American Heritage Dictionary has multiple definitions of power. For the purpose of this examination, power will be defined as â€Å"the ability or official capacity to exercise control; authority† and â€Å"a person, group, or nation having great influence or control over others† (American Heritage Dictionary, n.d.). These are two of the most common interpretations of what power is in the workplace. Power is both, an art and a skill. One must have the intuition to understand the consequences of the use of power. In addition, the actual implementation of power is achieved by experience and knowledge of the subject. Career Coach, C.J. Liu wrote an article titled ‘Power in the Workplace’ that outlines some critical details about power and its existence within an organization. Liu wrote, â€Å"Generally, it’s not power, but what people do with the power they have, that gives power a bad rap† (Liu, 2009). Lui con... ...wer can also heal the sick, create wonderful products and services, and do great good in the world. Like electricity, which can help to cure or kill, power is a mutable force† (Baker, 2007). Works Cited American Heritage Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2010, from Yahoo! Education: http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/power Baker, C. (2007, July 26). The Englightened Manager Blog. Retrieved November 24, 2010, from The Enlightened Manager: http://blog.emergenceconsulting.net/2007/07/power-in-the- wo.html Liu, C. J. (2009, June 4). Power in the Workplace. Retrieved November 24, 2010, from Carrer Planning Blog: http://blogs.payscale.com/career-coach/2009/06/the-positive-and- negative-aspects-of-power-in-the-workplace.html Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Internal Alignment Essay

Executive Summary We recommend a single internal structure that includes all job families, and uses the same job point evaluation plan to evaluate all positions. The single structure will allow us to evaluate employees on an equal level and it will be easier for the employees to follow. The job point evaluation consists of a grand total one thousand points with 25% weighted towards Education, 20% weighted towards Experience, Technical, and Creativity/Innovativeness, and lastly 15% weighted towards Skills & Abilities. Internal Strategy The recommended internal alignment for FastCat would be to have a single structure based on compensable factors relevant to their success. Each factor has different levels based on the requirements needed for the factor. For example, there are only three levels for creativity, while there are five levels for experience (Refer to Exhibit 1 in the Job Manual). This allows FastCat to cover the entire company with the factors chosen, yet still be specific enough for the individual jobs. This design will help FastCat direct employee goals towards company goals, and still be fair to the employees. It also will help FastCat be more cost-effective, in that the jobs will be thoroughly evaluated based on the levels they receive for each factor. There are five factors chosen to be the most important for FastCat they are: Education, Experience, Technical, Creative/Innovative, and Skills & Abilities. The first factor, Education, was chosen because of FastCat’s need for highly educated peop le. The software that FastCat designs calls for specific knowledge that a degree can provide. Experience was chosen because of its importance to FastCat. Almost every job at FastCat requires at least some experience in that certain area; therefore experience was deemed extremely important for FastCat. Technical ability refers to the amount of impact an error would make for FastCat. For example, an Administrative Assistant miss-spelling something will not have a huge impact on FastCat’s business, however, a Technical Marketing Consultant going after the wrong segment will have a profound impact on FastCat. The Creative/Innovative factor for FastCat is also extremely important. The mission statement for FastCat even states that â€Å"We must produce innovative, high-quality solutions.† Last, Skills & Abilities was chosen because of the  range that the factor could cover, as well as the fact that we can select the most important items relative to FastCat. This internal alignment will allow FastCat to strictly define some factors, while leaving other factors more loosely defined, in order to support employee development. This system will also be extremely simple for employees to follow, and to see the way that the system has been set up, in order to ensure fairness. The structure will also be similarly easy to administer, as well as to communicate to employees. It will be easy to administer because the jobs are already evaluated, and will not change anytime in the near future. Another reason why it will not be difficult to administer is because employees will be able to see the differences in pay, and why they are the way they are. The recommended way of communicating this plan to employees is by giving each employee a copy, and then holding several small meetings in which employees can ask questions about the new structure. Rationale for Recommendations The recommendations we proposed for FastCat will benefit the company for its future success, and will help the company regain its competitive edge, while also achieving its compensation objectives. The first recommendation is for FastCat to use a single internal structure. Since the company is currently undergoing some restructuring, this system will be easy to help reorganize those departments, and it provides for a much less bureaucratic working environment. Also, a single internal structure will allow for better management because rather than having the manager’s focus on trying to organize and understand two or more structures; they can simply focus on one. Second, we recommend that FastCat use a job point evaluation system. By using this point system the company can clearly state what they feel are important skills, and can place a numeric value to them. This way the most qualified employees are easily identified, and the employees can be correctly compensated for their w ork. This system will also help direct employees towards FastCat’s objectives. Lastly, we recommend that Fast Cat include five compensable factors that will help the company get back in all consumers’ evoked set. The five compensable factors we recommend would be Education, Experience, Technical (error), Creative/Innovative, and Skills & Abilities. To help Fast Cat in its future success they are going to need highly educated people who have the experience in the market, but make  little technical errors in doing their job. Also, they will need people who are creative/innovative to help create new products, but these people must also posses the skills and abilities necessary to complete their job. This system will also help direct employees towards FastCat’s objectives. By placing emphasis on creativity and technical ability, FastCat can direct employee behavior towards their objectives. Overall, these recommendations will help Fast Cat achieve their compensation objectives, because the single internal structure is easy to understand and organize , the job point evaluation and compensable factors will help to select the correct amount of compensation for each job. However, while there are many benefits to these recommendations there are some risks associated with them. Listed below you will find some of the risks, and potential solutions for the risks, associated with the proposal for FastCat. Risk 1: Since it is recommend that FastCat use a single internal structure some employees may feel they will not be recognized for achieving certain goals. Potential Solution 1: FastCat can have some other ways of recognizing employee’s when they achieve goals. For example, FastCat having Employee of the Month, Profit Sharing, Gain Sharing, or just recognition for employees by management or the President of FastCat. Risk 2: Managers and/or employees may feel that it is not fair to place them on the same level as non-managerial or managerial employee. Potential Solution 2: Explain to employees how the point system works, and why they are on the same level. Especially emphasize the Skills & Abilities Level 2 and above Ranks, where managerial skills are listed. This will show the employees that FastCat is paying more for managers. However, there may be another factor that places the employee and manager within the same point range. Risk 3: If an employee ranks high on the job point evaluation then he/she may feel as if they are indispensable. This could cause them to not be focused or to slack off on their responsibilities. Potential Solution 3: FastCat could occasionally remind employees that their compensation is based on the fact that they are doing their job. If an employee believes he/she is indispensable, and therefore either slacks off or becomes not focused; then maybe FastCat should remind them of employment at will. Risk 4: Since FastCat does value creativity and innovation, employees who are in positions where creativity and innovation are not needed could feel that any ideas they do have would not  be very important. Potential Solution 4: FastCat could have a suggestion box, or encourage all employees that have an idea to tell their superior. FastCat would need to tell employees something to the effect of: there are no bad ideas, just ones that are not yet developed. This would encourage employees to voice any ideas they have, and feel like their ideas are valued. Overall, our recommendations provide more benefits than risks to the company, benefits such as: helping FastCat to be successful in the future, helping the company regain its competitive edge, while also achieving its compensation objectives. However, as with all things, there are some risks, but as long as FastCat is aware of those risks and handles them promptly they should have no problem succeeding using our recommendations.

The Cause Of The Current Global Recession Economics Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3830 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction This part of the dissertation seeks to understand and investigate the cause of the current global recession and how it has affected the housing market in the UK. Housing Market Trends After the housing markets spectacular collapse in the 1990s, the UK housing market staged a significant revival. According to the HBOS index, the average house price stood at about  £163,000 in 2005, approximately double the  £82,000 it would have been worth in 2000. Cameron (2005) suggests that house prices surpassed their 1989 peak, relative to average household incomes. The other traditional measure of affordability, the ratio of interest payments to income, is not so overstretched, but only if capital repayments and unsecured debt are ignored. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Cause Of The Current Global Recession Economics Essay" essay for you Create order In addition, the strength of the housing market reflects the exceptional economic performance of the economy in 2005, which in turn is partially due to the sensible independent monetary policies pursued by the Bank of England Cameron (2005). As a result, it is suggested that Britain dealt with the world economic slowdown of 2001-2003 a great deal better than the majority of chief economies, producing six per cent growth. This vigorous expansion cannot completely describe the strength of the house price boom. Consequently, numerous economists have argued that there is a bubble in the British housing market, in common with a number of other countries, such as Spain, Australia, Canada, Sweden, and parts of the USA. FIGURE 1 Figure 1 shows the ratio of average house prices to average earnings, a key measure of affordability, for Great Britain and three major regions up to 2004 which is before the economic recession struck. As is visible, there is a positive contrast of cyclical behaviour in each series, with a surprising rise since 1999. According to the HBOS index, prices rose by only 1.3% over the nine months from July 2004 to April 2005. One of the main causes of this poor rise was due to the fact that many households were affected by the increases of the Bank of England base rate. Moreover, the increasing lack of demand within first time buyers, together with decreased numbers of house sales and low request rates for mortgages, implies that house prices have become separated from their underpinnings. The Nature of the Housing Market Housing markets are unusual for a number of reasons Housing markets are peculiar for a number of reasons. First, houses take time to build, so when demand rises, supply can only respond with a considerable lag. Indeed, to all intents, the short-run supply of housing is fixed. Second, houses are an asset that pays an implicit income (that is, the amount of rent that the owner saves by owning a house), so the value of the house should reflect expectations about future rents. But more importantly, since house-ownership in the UK is so widespread, a house is most householdsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ most important asset and since prices can go down as well as up, households are thereby exposed to a considerable amount of risk (almost half a million households had their homes repossessed in the 1990s). Unfortunately, it is not really possible to offset this risk since nobody offers insurance against a fall in prices. The Global economic recession It seems to have been agreed that the financial crisis which formed the birth of the current global economic recession was formed in the millennia of 2000 as a result of several factors which influenced increased housing sales and increased mortgage lending. [Sakbani (2009), Turalay (2009), Sel (2009)] One of the main factors which influenced the financial crisis was the boom in the housing market which was the result of increased supply of housing which persuaded financial institutions to increase and extend mortgages at attractive rates which mortgages borrowers could not afford to pay back. At the time of increased mortgage lending, the mortgage lenders had liquid assets that where at a level never seen before and this encouraged them to invest their assets into higher earning assets. This boom gave mortgage lenders an opportunity to double their portfolio of mortgage lending in respect of the past 10 years and mortgages reached some 50 per cent of their total lending assets after 2001 (Sakbani, 2009). The second factor which influenced housing sales was the record low-interest rates which were put in place by major banks to attract would be house buyers into purchasing mortgages at very low interest rates and other influences was the deregulation of financial institutions, there was a attitude throughout the major central banks of self regulation and with the increased financial innovations, major banks tended to regulate themselves. The final major factor was the disappearance of inflation fear as banks began to grow and increase portfolios, their self confidence began also to grow and any fears which were previously held started to disappear and this therefore relaxed their customer vigilance (Sakbani, 2008). As the demand for housing rose in the last decade and a half, this reached a record high in all major countries including the UK and USA. In the USA in particular, housing units sold in 2005 reached a peak of 1,283,000 as compared to an average of 609,000 in 1995-2000. More than 6 million units were sold in the five years up to 2006 (US Economic Forecast, 2009). The affects of this, increased the wealth and amount of disposable income available to households which in turn, increased the growth of the US economy up to 2007. It is recognised however, that this increase in economies and housing sales would not have taken place if there was a reduction in the availability of cheap mortgages being made available in the USA and UK up to 2005 and the substantial increase of low interest rates (IMF, 2008). The major banks began to operate under reduced regulation and with the global financial markets know in full swing, this increased the housing boom in the UK as some mortgages contained grace periods of up to three years and minimal down payments where required and with the introduction of low-interest rates, only fuelled the housing boom. Furthermore, these mortgages that where being taken out by borrowers would have originally been considered as non-credit worthy or, at very least, borrowers who incurred debts beyond their capacity to pay back (Ronald, 2008). As the banks began to run these debts, they ensured that the higher the risk, the higher should be the lending rate which therefore gave rise to the subprime mortgage market; this is a market whose borrowers may have difficulty maintaining the repayment schedule. Proponents of subprime lending maintain that the practice extends credit to people who would otherwise not have access to the credit market. As Professor Rosen of Princeton University explained, The main thing that innovations in the mortgage market have done over the past 30 years is to let in the excluded: the young, the discriminated against, the people without a lot of money in the bank to use for a down payment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It has now been agreed that this would have only ended in one way, this being collapse of the housing market and financial institutions. As borrowers started to run out of finances to repay their mortgages and defaults began to increase, the rate of increase in housing prices started to fall and could not compete with the rate of debt which therefore meant that borrowers could not refinance their loans or sell their houses at large profits [(The) Economist (2008), Sakbani (2008), Elise (2008)]. One way this could have been prevented is that if banks had extended their mortgage loans under the old conditions of mortgage lending, they would have had to hold them on their books and eventually would have run out of funds. But starting in the late 1980s, financial innovations made it possible for mortgage lenders to unload their loans to pools, which can transform these personalised, non-negotiable obligations into derivative securities guaranteed by the mortgages (Sakbani, 2008). After the crisis erupted, the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2008) estimated the size of these securities at more than $945 billion, while Goldman Sachs put them at more than $1.0 trillion. In September 2008, the IMF revised its estimate to $1.4 trillion ((The) Economist, 2008). On January 28, 2009 the IMF once more revised its estimate to $2.2 trillion. All these estimates therefore prove that, nobody had any idea of the amount of the non-performing assets. Sakbani (2008) tends to suggest that there were many culprits that where directly related to the financial crisis of 2008 which include: the greedy banks and other financial institutions with their irresponsible and uninformed behaviour, the equally greedy borrowers, the absence of regulations covering all the financial institutions involved and not just banks, the lacunae of vigilant supervision at both the states and federal levels, the non-regulated and non-transparent character of the financial innovations, the failure of the rating agencies to do their job and finally the loose monetary policy of the Greenspan era in the years 2001-2004. Mr Greenspan, testifying on October 23, 2008 before a Congressional Committee, admitted his error in believing that investment managers would exercise prudence in their operations and accepted that the regulatory system was loose and fundamentally obsolete. Since the beginning of the economic recession, there has been a high reduction in new housing starts after a reduced number of sales. Berkeley Homes for example, reported sales down by 50% in the summer of 2008, also with housebuildersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shares falling to low levels, there is major financing problems which continue to suffer. Housing Developments Policy Turalay (2008) appears to suggest that at the beginning of the downturn, the position of the UK housing market did not appear to be that bad as it was expected that there would be a gradual slow down in housing sales and then a fairly rapid recovery process which would not adversely affect the economy, however, this did not prove to be the case and no-one could have predicted what actually happened. Although UK economist Andrew Oswald, famously declared in November 2002; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I think we are about to go through the great housing crash of 2003 to 2005. . . . I advise you to sell your house, and move into rented accommodation Panic will then set inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Pickard, 2005, p. 9). When comparing the period of July-October 2007 with July-October 2008, evidence suggests that a fall in average sale prices of around 14 per cent (Land Registry, 2008). It has been noted by Pryce Sprigings (2008) that measuring price change is hampered by the fact that selling times have risen substantially and indices are therefore not comparing like with like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ideally one would like to compare, for example, the acerage price of houses that sold within a month on the market in 2007 with average prices of houses that sold within a month on the market in 2008. Evidence also suggests that transaction volumes have fallen dramatically from around 111,000 sales per month in England and Wales between July and October 2007 to 45,000 sales per month between July and October 2008, which is a fall of 60 per cent (Land Registry, 2008). Other data sources also reported this fall including Halifax, Nationwide, Land Registry and Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML). Some locations are showing even greater falls, with city centre flat and apartment markets appearing to be particularly vulnerable. During Oswaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prediction, real average house prices rose at one of the steepest rates recorded in modern times, by nearly a quarter in real terms, from  £140,593 in 2003 quarter 1, to  £173,412 in 2006 quarter 1, based on nationwide real mix adjusted house prices see Figure 1 below, and continued to rise for a further two years until quarter 4 of 2007. Figure 1 Real House Prices There appears to have been significant early interventions from the government and the Bank of England to keep both the housing market and the wider economy on course. Consecutive cuts to base rates, addition of  £50bn of liquidity into the finance markets by the Bank of England to alleviate the credit crunch, and  £2.7bn fiscal improvement to balance low-income households for the withdrawal of the 10p tax rate. It was expected that these would all combine to form an apparently positive reinforcement, however this would prove not to be the case as in March 2008, initial indications emerged of a somewhat more speedy slowdown in the housing sector was about to develop. The RICS housing market survey of that month specified that surveyor attitude with regard to house prices had weakened to the lowest point since the survey began in 1978 and the ratio of completed sales in the previous three months to the stock of unsold property on the market fell to 0.224, the lowest since September 1996 (RICS UK Economic Brief, 2008). With mortgage approvals falling by 44 per cent in the same year (2008), this resulted in a significant fall in housing demand which led to banks being unwilling to offer new loans on houses. Although there is no surprise that the housing market has took a downturn and because this has happened before, there are no unexpected events occurring, Pryce and Sprigings tend to suggest that the speed and severity of the decline has been unusual. They go on to express that this leads us to naturally question whether our policies, our regulatory frameworks, our collective approach to housing and cultural obsession with house prices, have in some way exacerbated this particular manifestation of that cycle by sustaining the upswing well beyond mean trend and perhaps resulting an unnecessarily sever and rapid downturn (Pryce and Sprigings, 2008). These questions however are not wholly of interest to housing professionals as links between residential property and the broader market as well recognised. An example of this is stated by Goodhart and Hofmann (2008, p.180), where they find; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a significant multidirectional link between house prices, monetary variables, and the macroeconomy with the effects of money and credit amplified when house prices are boomingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is agreed by Maclennan and Pryce that housing impacts on the real economy via the construction, financial, estate agency and legal sector and through housing equity financed consumption, all of which are sensitive to housing market fluctuations, and all have become increasingly inter-linked across nations as a result of the globalisation of capital and labour (Maclennan and Pryce, 1996). It is also in agreement with numerous authors, Malpass in particular, that housing also impacts on welfare; not only through homelessness caused by repossessions (i.e. owner occupiers and renters affected by landlord default) at a time of crisis, but increasingly through equity release funding of education support (including accommodation) at the start of life and elderly care at the end. (Malpass, 2005). Another article which backs Malpassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ suggestion is the announcement of the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) which has confirmed the closing of Local Authority New Build (LANB) as a national programme. This is a result of the Treasury announcing that it was cutting  £220 million from HCAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget, this follows on from the cut to the May budget of  £230 million. The new builds where seen as a solution to ease the housing crisis of the UK since the recession and to add to Malpassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ argument, Baroness Hanham stated in the House of Lords; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There will be casualties; I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any doubt that there will be casualtiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Furthermore to this statement, Labours Lord McKenzie warned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It will force many to move or end up homeless and create ghettos of the poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Unfortunately, the literature and policy debates on the nature and consequences of housing markets have evolved rather dichotomously. As Maclennan (2008, p. 424) observed; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Many nations are now involved in two housing discussions, namely à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“homelessness and affordabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"house price booms, bubbles and bustsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The first theme has largely been the domain of social policy ministries, lobbies and researchers (Carter and Polevychok, 2004).The second has absorbed the macroeconomic policy community, including central banks, finance ministries, financial institutions and some academic economists, who are concerned about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Affordability and stability are often discussed as if they are unrelated, not just in the press, but also within policymaking circles.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Researchers can now endeavour to bridge this gap in housing discussions. By using the analogy of sowing and reaping, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Galations 6:7, King James Version). It can be highlighted how scrupulous aspects of the existing recession should require policy makers and researchers to reflect on the failures of policy that have arisen as a result of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fragmented nature of housing thinking within modern governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Maclennan, 2008). Pryce and Sprigings propose that the great correction that is currently underway is a consequence, not only of transcendent global forces, but also significantly of UK policy decisions on financial liberalisation and housing. And if we are reaping what we have sown in domestic policy, who are the winners and losers, and what are the implications for how we evaluate UK post-war policy? It has been made clear that such issues are underpinned by major policy, theoretical, and empirical questions that will most probably be debated at length in the future. What Pryce and Sprigings have done, is highlighted the issues and hope that highlighting these issues will offer some key pointers as to how the future debate should be structured and what might be done to ensure a more integrated approach to modernising UK housing policies. It is argued that successive governments i.e. Conservative Party and Labour Party have promoted homeownership since the end of the Second World War and its benefits it brings financially to the lease holder if they are the occupier as one of the White Papers show from 1953, which states; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One object of future housing policy will be to continue to promote, by all possible means, the building of new houses for owner occupation. Of all forms of saving this is one of the best. Of all forms of ownership this is one of the most satisfying to the individual and the most beneficial to the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1953White Paper, Houses: The Next Step). Gradually homeownership became deeply embedded in the UK psyche as the tenure of aspiration (Ronald, 2008). However, people then become aware that homeownership may not be best suited for everyone and this is a point that is raised by Sprigings (2008) where he identified that by encouraging low-income households into homeownership, we are subjecting them to the worst of its costs and risks while the market may restrict for them the potential of its benefits. This idea was also backed up by Pickard (2005) where he stated that housing is believed to be a great long-term investment on average, but for the deprived areas, and for the poorest households, homeownership may simply not produce the promised benefits. Housing developments and the global recession can be seen as interlinked with certain groups of society and those in less secure jobs as people on low income will bear the biggest brunt of the recession as low income workers and people in less secure jobs are more than likely to face financial difficulties when it comes to mortgage repayments as they are likely to lose their jobs or see rising inflation and rising interest rates and therefore low income households are likely to leave homeownership at the worst point because they are facing the biggest impact of the recession and also when the market begins to resume to normality again, low-income households may find it harder to re-enter the housing market when house prices are low because there is a proven correlation between credit being made available and housing prices and low-income households may not be able to obtain credit when house prices are still low therefore not enabling them to enter the housing market when it seems mo st beneficial. The CML also back up this idea as figures for October 2008 show that, the value of loans has decreased to 83 per cent of the value of the property therefore, as it has been established that long term dividends on housing can be superior, low-income households will find it difficult to witness these dividends as they will be exiting the housing market when it begins to deteriorate and trying to enter the housing market when it is difficult to obtain credit. Pryce (2008) seems to perceive that the promotion of homeownership by successive UK governments and therefore the rapid increase of owner occupation may have inadvertently produced a money pump working in the opposite direction. Another theory which Pryce (2008) identifies is the fact that low-income and particularly ethnic groups are less likely to enjoy the benefits of inter-generational housing welfare transfer. Keister (2003) also backs up the second theory of Pryce (2008) by identifying that children from larger families accumulate less wealth than do those from smaller families and that siblings dilute parentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ finite financial resources and non material resources. Sibship size also reduced that likelihood of receiving a trust account or an inheritance and decreases home and stock ownership. Buy-to-Let Mortgages Buy-to-Let mortgages where developed in 1995 and where designed as a new financial product in the UK which enabled individuals to purchase a mortgage on a property for the purpose of letting the property out to future tenants. The benefits from these mortgages can include a stable income from rental receipts, as well as an accumulation of wealth if house prices go up. However one of the main factors of risk with taking out a buy-to-let mortgage is leverage speculation where the landlord purchases a property expecting to sell the house at a later date for a higher price or that rental income will exceed the repayment amounts of the initial loan. Buy-to-Let mortgages have became extremely popular with apprentice investors as this type of mortgage attracts middle income people to start to develop into small-scale landlords as a means of investing for their retirement. The volume of these loans grew rapidly in value as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 BTL loan Pryce (2008) expresses concern at the fact that 90 per cent of total BTL advances since 1999 have been taken out during periods of above-trend house prices, and  £74 billion of BTL mortgages, which is more than half of the total BTL advances since 1999, were issues at the very peak of the housing boom. This can be seen in Figure 3. Fig 3 It is therefore in agreement that, a significant proportion of BTL loans are at risk because there is consensus that the value of securities will fall below the outstanding mortgage debts. This consensus is backed-up by the fact that repossessions on BTL properties as a per cent of all BTL mortgages almost doubled in the space of 18 months from the second half of 2005 to the first half of 2007 before the first round of gloomy house price results were released in late 2007. Latest CML data also reinforces this claim as they show a large increase in BTL accounts over three months in arrears at the third quarter of 2008 having trebled in number in 12 months to around 18,000. (Pryce and Sprigings 2008). If home owners begin to default on their loans then the impact could be significant not only for lenders, but for particular sectors of the housing market as 80 per cent of BTL properties are terraced of flats and these account for almost a third of the entire UK private rented stock (Sprigings, 2008). One of the key features of the BTL which there is much agreement on is the impact it seems to have had on new housing supply with flats coming to dominate supply, particularly in city markets. (Taylor 2008, Sprigings 2008). Fig 4